The history of the Kingdom of Scotland begins in 843, when Kenneth I united the kingdoms of the Picts and the Scots. The new state was located north of the rivers Clyde and Forth. Nearby territories remained independent of Scotland, such as the British kingdom of Strathclyde, while modern Lothian and the Scottish Borders, including Edinburgh, belonged first to the Angles of Bernicia, then Northumbria, and finally to the Kingdom of England. According to William of Malmesbury, Edgar the Peaceful ceded Lothian to Kenneth II, on the condition that he swear allegiance to him. This extended Kenneth II's dominions south to the River Tweed, which remains to this day the southwestern frontier between England and Scotland.
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